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\title{\textcolor{headcolor}{\Huge\bfseries
Keyboard Layouts:\\ From QWERTY to Dvorak\footnote{%
Slides available from \prog{http://behdad.org/presentation/dvorak/}}
}}
\author{\vspace{1em}\textcolor{textcolor}{\LARGE
	Behdad Esfahbod\cont[\texttt{behdad@behdad.org}]\\%
	Hamed Hatami\cont[\texttt{hatami@ce.sharif.edu}]%
}}
\date{\textcolor{headcolor}{%
Computer Engineering Department\\
Sharif University of Technology\\
Tehran, Iran\\
\today
}}

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\begin{document}
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\maketitle

\begin{slide}
\slt{History - QWERTY}
\begin{itemize}
\item Christopher L.~Sholes started his typewriter in 1867.
\item Remington shipped its first typewriter based on Sholes
design.
\item The Sholes layout revised by Remington is known as QWERTY.
\item From 1874 to 1881 it was the only commercially available
typewriter.
\item Shift keys and numerals where added to the layout, but the
letters never changed after.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{History - Dvorak}
\begin{itemize}
\item In the 1920's and 30s, August Dvorak and William Dealey
designed the \emph{simplified} keyboard, based on a research on
old designs and hand philosophy and function.
\item Dvorak typists began to sweep typing speed contests two
years later, and they have held most typing records ever since.
\item Tacoma schools in the 1930s, showed that children learned
Dvorak typing in one- third the time required to attain the same
standard with QWERTY typing.
\item During World War II, US Navy a shortage of trained typists.
Retraining QWERTY typists to Dvorak, increase their typing
accuracy by 68 percent and their speed by 74 percent.  The Navy
ordered thousands of Dvorak typewriters.  Treasury Department
vetoed the Navy purchase order.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{History - Dvorak\cont}
\begin{itemize}
\item Dvorak became the American Standard Keyboard in 1965.
\item US Bureau of Standards said: ``There is little need
to demonstrate further the superiority of the Dvorak keyboard in
experimental tests. Plenty of well documented evidence exists''.
\item August Dvorak died in 1975, a bitter man: ``I'm tired of
trying to do something worthwhile for the human race'', he
complained. ``They simply don't want to change!''
\item Around 1990, still very few have heard about Dvorak.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{O Typewriter! Quit Your Torture!}
\begin{itemize}
\item Try typing with a QWERTY keyboard these words:
\emph{fact}, \emph{agree}, \emph{grass}, \emph{regard}, \emph{greatest}, and \emph{exaggerated}.
Now try \emph{opinion}, \emph{million}, \emph{minimum}, and \emph{monopoly}.
\item It was designed far before touch-typing was common.
\item The most commonly used letters are scattered as
widely as possible over the keyboard, to avoid jamming:
E, T, and O on the top row; A and H on the home row; N on the bottom row.
\item Rammington replaced R in the top row, for commercial
purposes!
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Philosophy Behind Dvorak}
\begin{itemize}
\item Designed for touch-typing.
\item Common letters are placed on the home row, to minimize
finger movement.
\item Vowels are put on the left hand, consonants on the right,
to maximize hand alternation.
\item When typing common digraphs with finger on the same hand,
the fingers are moved from outer fingers to the inner ones.
\item Weaker fingers are assigned less frequent letters.
\item Jumps from top row to bottom row are minimized.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Dvorak Keyboard Layout}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{layout.eps}
\end{center}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Pros and Cons of Dvorak}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Learning:} Dvorak is much easier to learn than
QWERTY, especially for new typists.
\item\textbf{Speed:} With careful training, it seems most QWERTY
typists can switch to Dvorak and regain their old speed in about
a month. After that, it's all gravy.
\item\textbf{Accuracy:}  In QWERTY, the most frequently mistyped
words are short, common, and easy to spell; many are only two or
three letters long. Dvorak has typing ``daemons'' too, but they tend
to be longer and harder to spell.
\item\textbf{Comfort:}  The Dvorak keymap is carefully adapted to
the English language.  Dvorak has alleviated some people's
repetitive-stress injury (RSI) symptoms
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Pros and Cons of Dvorak\cont}
\begin{itemize}
\item\textbf{Compatibility:} This is where QWERTY wins!
You need to switch back to QWERTY if you:
\begin{itemize}
\item move from computer to computer all day.
\item use a \emph{dumb} video display terminal (VDT) connected to a
host.
\item program in un-English languages like Unix shell commands.
\item depend on software's keyboard commands (as in vi or emacs)
that you know by their positions, not their letters.
\item must use one of the few really shoddy programs that ignore
the system keymap, and you don't want or can't find a hard-wired
Dvorak keyboard.
\end{itemize}
Fortunately, switching back to QWERTY is really easy.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Numbers!}
\begin{itemize}
\item On QWERTY, the typing frequency is distributed among three
rows as \textbf{52\%} on top row, 32\% home row, and 16\% bottom
row.  On Dvorak it is 22\% on top row, \textbf{70\%} home row,
and 8\% bottom row.
\item On QWERTY, there are only 300 english words that can be
typed by the home keys (without any finger movement), on Dvorak
it is around 5000.  It makes Dvorak typing tutorials less boring.
\item On QWERTY, fingers travel 16 to 20 miles to do the day's
typing; on Dvorak, fingers need only travel 1 mile to the same
work!
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Numbers!\cont}
\begin{itemize}
\item With a small dictionary found on Macs, here is a comparison
of the total words that can be typed with different sets of keys:
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|r|r|r|r|}
\hline
& \textbf{QWERTY} & \textbf{ABCD} & \textbf{Dvorak} \\
\hline\hline
\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\emph{more is better}} \\
\hline
Home-row-only & 49 & 40 & 618 \\
Top-two-rows-only & 5810 & 6977 & 10448 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\emph{fewer is better}} \\
\hline
Left-hand-only     &    687   &   1183   &    58  \\
Right-hand-only    &    101   &     49   &    29  \\
Off-home-row-only  &   1138   &    596   &    15  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Dvorak Keyboard Layout}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{layout.eps}
\end{center}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Dvorak Variations}
\begin{itemize}
\item There were a few variations of the Dvorak layout.
\item After Dvorak became an ANSI standard, the letter positions never
changed after.
\item There are still a few replacements of punctuations, like
the bracket creep.
\item Dr.~Dvorak's patent only specified the letters and eight
punctuation marks.
\item In Typewriting Behavior, Dr.~Dvorak even published an
optimized arrangement of the numerals (7531902468)!
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Dvorak Keyboard for Disabled People}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=.35\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{right-hand.eps}\cont[One Hand Right]\\
\contl[One Hand Left]\includegraphics[height=.35\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{left-hand.eps}
\end{center}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Switching to Dvorak}
\begin{itemize}
\item Software switch:  Almost all operating systems support
Dvorak without any extra drivers.
\item Relabel or rearrange your keycaps.
\item Get a hard-wired Dvorak keyboard.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Non-English Dvorak Efforts}
\begin{itemize}
\item Non-English languages often use special characters and
diacritical marks that almost never appear in English. English
Dvorak keyboard layouts do not support these language features as
readily as a language-specific layout, if at all. 
\item While it seems likely that the benefits of Dvorak make it
superior to QWERTY-derived layouts for many languages, the fact
remains that it was designed for English-language typists. Others
would probably benefit even further from a layout similarly
optimized for their own language.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Design Dvorak Philosophy Layouts}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Minimum hack:} Rearrange your QWERTY-derived
national-language layout by moving each key from its more-or-less
QWERTY position to the corresponding Dvorak position.
\item \textbf{A little better:} Make sure vowels, vowel-like
consonants (like Y), common punctuation, and least-used
consonants are on the left side of the keyboard. 
\item \textbf{Even better:} Try to get most-used letters on the
home row. Next best is the upper row or the middle of the lower
row. Least good is the outer ends of the lower row.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Design Dvorak Philosophy Layouts\cont}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Getting there:} Study the language and list the
most common digraphs (two-letter combinations) and trigraphs
(three-letter combinations). Make sure these are easy to type.
Avoid same-hand digraphs that
jump between the bottom and top rows. Try to avoid
immediately-adjacent digraphs on the same hand. When same-hand
digraphs are necessary, try to favor combinations that roll from
the outer fingers towards the middle of the keyboard.
\item \textbf{The real thing:} Get a copy of Dvorak's \emph{Typewriting
Behavior} and really study it. Don't just go by a half-baked list
of tips written by some jerk who skimmed the book in a hurry two
years ago. Get a grant and a gaggle of grad students and submit
the resulting thesis to your national standards organization.
\end{itemize}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}
\slt{Refrences}
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\parindent=-1em
\parskip=2ex

Brooks, Marcus. \emph{Introducing the Dvorak Keyboard}.
Available at \url{http://www.mwbrooks.com/dvorak/}

Diamond, Jared. \emph{The Curse of QWERTY}.  Available at
\url{http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=question458.htm&url=http://208.245.156.153/archive/output.cfm?id=1092}

Greenway, M. \emph{Type On Your Dvorak Keyboard in 30 Seconds}
Available at
\url{http://members.networld.com/arobinson/Change_qwerty_keyboard_to_Dvorak_in_30_seconds.htm}

This\textit{is}True.Inc. \emph{The Dvorak keyboard}. Available at
\url{http://www.thisistrue.com/dvorak.html}

\end{slide}

\end{document}

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